About... The Vitamin Formulas

Vitamin C

Vitamin C is a versatile micronutrient with numerous functions. Vitamin C supports numerous body systems, scavenges free radicals, and provides vascular and connective tissue support. Vitamin C needs are increased by trauma, and deficiency slows the healing process.

Vitamin C supports immune function by elevating interferon levels and enhancing the activity of specific immune cells (Adv Nutr Res 1984;6:19–45; Pharmacology 1975;13:228). Vitamin C has antioxidant activity that helps neutralize free-radical reactions from sources such as secondhand smoke (Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:428-36). Vitamin C supplements protect LDL particles from oxidation (Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:1113S-8S). Vitamin C supports optimal nitric oxide activity, which is essential for normal vasodilation in the vascular system (Circulation 1998; 97:2222–9). Vitamin C requirements are increased by trauma (N Engl J Med 1986;314:892-902) and deficiency slows the healing process (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 1994;84:456-62). Vitamin C is essential for the normal metabolism of cholesterol into bile acids by the liver, a pathway needed to prevent cholesterol accumulation (Arch Intern Med 2000;160:931-6). Increased vitamin C intake prevents the typical age-related depletion of vitamin C in the eye, ensuring adequate protection against free-radical damage to eye tissues (J Am Coll Nutr 1993;12:138–46). Vitamin C supplements help the muscular system cope with the stresses of intense exercise (Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2001;11:466–81). Vitamin C promotes male sperm quality by protecting sperm from oxidative damage and reducing sperm agglutination (World Rev Nutr Diet 1990;62:1–26).

B-12 Liquid

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Liquid methylcobalamin for optimum absorption and B12 nutrition

Product # 1212

2 ounces

fluid

Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient, but one that is eventually depleted if dietary sources are inadequate or absorption mechanisms are compromised. B12 deficiency is especially common in the elderly, Alzheimer’s disease patients, vegetarians, and as the result of a variety of malabsorption syndromes, including those caused by the use of acid-blocking medications. Symptoms of deficiency include anemia, fatigue, nerve damage, cognitive dysfunction, and mood changes. Oral B12 therapy is as effective as injections as long as sufficient amounts are taken. Karuna’s B-12 Liquid is a high-potency formulation using methylcobalamin, preferred by many over cyanocobalamin.

• Vitamin B12 absorption decreases with age due to reduced production of hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes, and/or intrinsic factor, and as a consequence of infection with Helicobacter pylori (Annu Rev Nutr 1999;19:357-77; J Am Diet Assoc 1999;99:725-727).
• Use of acid-blocking medications can impair B12 absorption and cause a deficiency (Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1999;69:169-172).
• Most cases of B12 deficiency, even pernicious anemia, can be managed with megadoses of oral vitamin B12 ( Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:1268-72).
• Vitamin B12 deficiency may cause fatigue, neurological dysfunction, impaired cognition, and mood disturbances, even when anemia is not present (Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:715-21; N Engl J Med 1988;318: 1720-8).
• Vitamin B12 supplementation supports healthy levels of homocysteine (Lancet 2002;359:227-228).

Supplement Facts Serving Size - 1 Dropper Full ( 0.7 ml / 707 mg) Servings per container 84
Amount per serving:		%DV
Vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin)	1041 mcg	17,350%
† Daily Value (DV) not established

Other ingredients: USP purified water, alcohol 25%, vegetable glycerin, natural strawberry flavor, natural vanilla flavor, citric acid.

Suggested use for adults:

• One-half to one dropper daily (approximately 521-1041 mcg), preferably with a meal, or as directed. Hold the solution under the tongue for a few moments before swallowing.

B-Plex

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Comprehensive high potency B-complex

Product # 1202

120 tablets

tablet

B-vitamins are integral to cellular energy production. They support carbohydrate and fat metabolism, facilitate the removal of homocysteine, promote healthy function of the brain, peripheral nerves and kidneys, and foster normal premenstrual physiology. B-Plex is a comprehensive high-potency B-vitamin formulation in a yeast-free hypoallergenic form, containing active coenzyme B6 (pyridoxal-5-phosphate).

• Adequate vitamin B6, B12, and folic acid are essential for detoxifying homocysteine, a by-product of protein metabolism that may disturb normal vascular function (J Nutr 1994;124:1927-33; Am J Cardiol 1995;75:132-6).
• Elderly persons are frequently low in certain B-vitamins essential for maintaining normal brain function (Psychoparmacology (Berl) 1992; 109(4):489-96; N Engl J Med 1998; 318:170-8).
• Clinical trials have found vitamin B6 supplements helpful for diverse conditions, such as reducing urinary oxalates that may disturb normal kidney function (Int Urol Nephrol 1988;20:353-9), stabilizing premenstrual physiology (Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;97:847-52), and restoring normal peripheral nerve function (J Occup Environ Med 1997;39:949-59).
• Certain medications, such as oral contraceptives, are associated with depletion of several B-vitamins (Food & Drug Interaction 1998;197-8; Lancet 1975;1:561-4)..

Supplement Facts Serving Size - 2 Tablets Servings per container 60
Amount per serving:		%DV
B1 (thiamine)**	100 mg	6,667%
B2 (riboflavin)**	50 mg	2,941%
B3 (niacinamide) **	40 mg	200%
B6 (pyridoxine HCl)**	150 mg	7,500%
Folic Acid**	800 mcg	200%
B12 (cyanocobalamin)** resin-bound	250 mcg	4,167%
Biotin (d-biotin)**	250 mcg	83%
B5 (d-calcium pantothenate)**	200 mg	2,000%
Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)	50 mg	†
Choline (bitartrate)	50 mg	†
Inositol	50 mg	†
Pyridoxal 5’-Phosphate	10 mg	†
† Daily Value (DV) not established

Suggested use for adults:

• 1-2 tablets taken daily with meals, or as directed.

C-1000

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Convenient, cost-effective form for easy compliance

Product # 1210

120 capsules

Vitamin C is known for its multiple essential and supportive roles in human health. Nobel-laureate Linus Pauling famously recommended plain ascorbic acid as the most efficient form for supplementing vitamin C. Karuna’s C-1000 supplies pure ascorbic acid in preservative-free vegetarian capsules for convenient use.

• See top of page.

Supplement Facts Serving Size - 1 Capsule Servings per container 120
Amount per serving:		%DV
Vitamin C (non-corn ascorbic acid)	1,000 mg	1,667%

Other ingredient: vegetarian capsule

Suggested use for adults:

• 1-3 capsules daily, or as directed.

C-Care Powder

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Buffered, hypoallergenic vitamin C powder from non-corn sources

Product # 1203

8 oz.

powder

C-Care Powder is a mildly effervescent blend of vitamin C and important minerals that permit a non-acidic formulation in a high-potency bulk powder convenient for use in generous amounts. The minerals in C-Care Powder help maintain a neutral pH environment that may lessen gastric sensitivity, and make a contribution to mineral requirements as well. Derived from non-corn sources, this formula is appropriate for use by most allergic and sensitive individuals.

• See top of page.

Supplement Facts Serving Size - 1 Teaspoon (5gm) Servings per container 46
Amount per serving:		%DV
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)	2,600 mg	4,333%
Calcium (carbonate)	300 mg	30%
Magnesium (carbonate)	300 mg	75%
Zinc (gluconate)	5 mg	33%
Copper (gluconate)	500 mcg	25%
Potassium (carbonate)	35 mcg	1%

Suggested use for adults:

• One level teaspoon daily dissolved in water or juice, or as directed.
• Teaspoon equivalent to approximately 5gm

C-Plex

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Hypoallergenic vitamin C with bioflavonoids

Product # 1204

90 tablets

C-Plex, a non-corn based ascorbic acid with bioflavonoid concentrate, is a perfect hypoallergenic choice for supplementation with the vitamin C complex. Flavonoids such as rutin and hesperidin as well as those from citrus sources frequently occur with vitamin C in nature, and appear to improve its bioavailability and complement its actions in the body. Flavonoids are useful in their own right as antioxidants and stabilizers of vascular permeability and capillary integrity. C-Plex includes generous amounts of flavonoids, unlike many other vitamin C complex formulas.

• See top of page.
• Bioflavonoids and vitamin C have been used in human studies to facilitate normal reparative activities in various body tissues (Med Times 1962;90:529-32; Med Times 1960;88: 313-314).
• Flavonoids such as rutin and hesperidin, often combined with vitamin C, support normal vascular permeability and healthy capillary integrity (Int Angiol 1994;13:259–62; Int Angiol 1993;12:69–72; Delaware State Med J 1959;Jan:19–22; Am J Med Sci 1946;211:539–43).

Supplement Facts Serving Size - 1 Tablet Servings per container 90
Amount per serving:		%DV
Vitamin C (non-corn ascorbic acid)	500 mg	833%
Bioflavonoids (mixed citrus)	250 mg	†
Rutin	50 mg	†
Hesperidin Complex	50 mg	†

Other ingredients: cellulose, vegetable stearine

Suggested use for adults:

• One or more tablets daily, or as directed.

D-1000

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High potency vitamin D for diverse applications

Product # 1211

90 capsules

Not long ago, vitamin D was thought to have a singular function, to help maintain serum calcium levels by facilitating intestinal calcium absorption and helping to regulate renal excretion and bone remodeling. Modest amounts of vitamin D were known to be adequate to prevent low calcium levels and acute bone loss diseases such as rickets and osteomalacia.

Today, not only are adequate levels of vitamin D intake for optimum bone protection being revised sharply upward, but newly identified roles for vitamin D have been discovered, indicating far wider health effects from this essential nutrient. Tissues possessing vitamin D receptors and/or expressing the enzyme for local activation of vitamin D include the immune system, skin, pancreas, prostate, colon, adrenal glands, brain, and others.

Vitamin D appears to influence cellular differentiation and proliferation, immune system activity, insulin physiology, blood pressure regulation, and other body processes in ways never before imagined. Recent research is exploring the clinical implications of these new discoveries. The safety of high vitamin D intake has also been re-examined, with upper levels now set at a minimum of 2000 IU per day, and perhaps much higher. Karuna’s D-1000 supplies highly-bioavailable vitamin D3 in a convenient amount for generous supplementation.

• Recently updated guidelines recommend increased vitamin D intakes for bone mass protection (J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706).
• Recent research has identified a role for vitamin D in supporting optimal neuromuscular function to stabilize balance and gait in elderly persons; total vitamin D intake must be above 400 IU for maximum effectiveness (Arch Intern Med 2006;166:424-30; J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:1881-8; Cerebrovasc Dis 2005;20:187-92; JAMA 2004;291:1999-2006).
• A recent meta-analysis of twelve trials concluded that vitamin D supplements totaling at least 700 IU/day help bones maintain their integrity during minor traumas (JAMA 2005;293:2257-64).
• Vitamin D activation occurs in many tissues, including cells of the immune system, skin, pancreas, prostate, colon, adrenal glands, and brain, indicating vitamin D functions never before imagined (J Cell Biochem 2003;88:315-22; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:888-94).
• Vitamin D may be important for preventing either over- or under-activity of the immune system (Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004;229:1136-42; Annu Rev Nutr 2003;23:117-145).
• Vitamin D supports normal cell differentiation and inhibits excessive proliferation of body cells (Eur J Clin Invest 2005;35:290-304; Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:362-371).
• Insulin-producing cells possess receptors for vitamin D, and adequate vitamin D may be crucial to normal insulin physiology (Diabetologia 2005;48:1247-57).
• Vitamin D appears to support healthy blood pressure, according to human clinical trials (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1633-1637; Lancet 1998;352: 709-710); one reason may be that production of renin, an enzyme important for blood pressure regulation is influenced by vitamin D (J Cell Biochem 2003;88:327-31).
• Several authorities suggest vitamin D intakes should be up to 2000 IU or more for optimal health (J Nutr 2005;135:317-22; J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004;89-90:575-9).
• Safe regular intake of vitamin D appears to be at least 2000 IU per day (Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:204-10; Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:288-294).

Supplement Facts Serving Size - 1 Capsule Servings per container 90
Amount per serving:		%DV
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)	1,000 IU	250%
† Daily Value (DV) not established

Other ingredient: magnesium stearate

Suggested use for adults:

• 1 capsule with meal, or as directed.

E-400

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Natural mixed tocopherols for antioxidant protection and more

Product # 1205 90 Softgel Capsules

Product # 1205

90 softgels

gelatin

Vitamin E is the primary lipid-soluble antioxidant in human biology, required for free radical protection of structures having high lipid content such as cell and organelle membranes, lipoprotein particles, and the central nervous system environment. Clinical research has discovered specific functions of vitamin E for supporting immunocompetence, optimal circulation and joint health. E-400 is a natural extract and supplies not only the primary alpha-tocopherol vitamer, but also the beta-, delta-, and gamma- vitamers, in order to more closely match the variety of forms found in the diet. E-400 is also unesterified, making it suitable for external use as well.

• Vitamin E is the primary lipid-soluble antioxidant found in the body.
• Natural vitamin E may be as much as twice as bioavailable as synthetic E (Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:397-402).
• Vitamin E supplementation may support optimal protective high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level in some individuals (Isr J Med Sci 1987;23:869–72), and reduce the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol to oxidation (Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13:1779–89).
• Vitamin E and other antioxidant micronutrients help maintain immunocompetence, especially in populations at risk such as the elderly (JAMA 1997;277:1380–6).
• Antioxidant or other functions of vitamin E apparently have beneficial influences on joint health (Z Orthop 1986;124:340–3; Z Rheumatol 1990; 49:369–73).
• Clinical research has demonstrated that vitamin E supplements support healthy circulation in the lower extremities, which helps maintain normal walking endurance in the elderly (Int Clin Nutr Rev 1984;4: 178–82).

Supplement Facts Serving Size - 1 Softgel Servings per container 90
Amount per serving:		%DV
Vitamin E (as d-Alpha Tocopherol plus d-Beta, d-Gamma, d-Delta Tocopherols)	400 IU	1,333%

Other ingredients: gelatin, glycerine, non-GMO soybean oil

WARNING: If you are pregnant, nursing, taking any medications, or planning any medical procedure, consult your doctor before use. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.

Suggested use for adults:

• 1-2 softgel capsules daily, taken with meals, or as directed.

NiaPlex

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Flush-free B3 niacin/inositol complex plus chromium for healthy lipid metabolism

Product # 1208

60 capsules

Product # 1209

120 capsules

NiaPlex is a well-documented and effective natural combination for blood lipid control and blood sugar regulation. High-dose niacin supports normal blood levels of triglycerides as well as LDL and HDL cholesterol. Inositol hexaniacinate offers an alternative to ordinary niacin because it is a slow-release niacin ester, free from the “niacin flush” and its uncomfortable itching. Chromium enhances insulin action, has its own favorable effects on blood sugar and blood lipids, and is also synergistic with niacin in these actions.

• Hexaniacinate is a slowly-hydrolyzing inositol ester of niacin which offers the nutritional benefits of niacin without the flushing of high-dosage niacin (Alt Med Rev 1996;1:176-84).
• Niacin, especially in combination with chromium, can have a salutary effect on both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism (Postgrad Med 1995;98: 185-93); FASEB J 1991;5(6):A1645).
• Chromium facilitates the action of insulin, which in turn is needed for the normal control of blood sugar and blood lipids (J Amer Coll Nutr 1997; 16:404-10; J Nutr 1993;123:626-33).
• Clinical studies have found inositol hexaniacinate helpful for supporting normal circulation in the lower extremities (Br J Clin Pract 1988;42: 141-5; Br J Clin Pract 1988;42:377-83).

Supplement Facts Serving Size - 2 Capsules Servings per container 30 or 60
Amount per serving:		%DV
Niacin (inositol hexaniacinate)	1,000 mg	5,000%
Chromium (chromium nicotinate)	200 mcg	166%

Other ingredients: vegetarian capsule, rice flour

Suggested use for adults:

• 2-4 capsules daily in divided doses, or as directed.

CAUTION: High doses of niacin, in any form, should be used only under supervision.

Tocotrienols

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Full-spectrum vitamin E isomers

Product # 8110

60 softgels

gelatin

In nature, vitamin E is a complex of eight molecular forms, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols; members of each group are identified as alpha, beta, delta, or gamma. Tocotrienols are also antioxidants, but are distinguished from tocopherols by several unique biochemical effects, including down regulation of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), the key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Through antioxidant protection of lipoproteins and maintenance of healthy cholesterol regulation, tocotrienols help ensure optimal vascular capacity and blood flow. Tocotrienols also promote cellular health by inducing apoptosis, the natural mechanism of cellular growth control, in certain human cells. Karuna’s Tocotrienols is a balanced blend of both mixed tocotrienols and mixed tocopherols, the most complete vitamin E complex there is.

• Tocotrienols inhibit the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis (HMG-CoA reductase) and may thus support healthy blood cholesterol levels (Nutr Biochem 1997;8:290-8; J Med Chem 1992;35:3595-606); Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:1021S–6S).
• Supplementary tocotrienols exert antioxidant effects in humans and help stabilize arterial capacity for normal blood flow (Lipids 1995;30: 1179-83).
• Tocotrienols induce apoptosis in certain human cells. Apoptosis is the natural mechanism of cellular growth control (Nutr Cancer 1999;33:26-32).

Supplement Facts Serving Size - 1 Softgel Servings per container 60
Amount per serving:		%DV
Tocotrienols (NuTriene® Tocotrienols)	35 mg	†
† Daily Value (DV) not established

Other ingredients: rice, gelatin, glycerine, purified water

Suggested use for adults:

• 1 to 2 capsules daily, with meals, or as directed.